Conservation of the Dred Scott Papers - Released from Missouri Secretary of State Robin Carnahan
Conservation of the Dred Scott PapersDred Scott petitioned the St. Louis Circuit Court for his freedom in April 1846. Although he briefly won freedom on the basis of his former residence in Illinois and Wisconsin territory, appeals to the Missouri Supreme Court by his owner Irene Emerson returned him to slavery in 1852. His advocates refused to accept the decision as final. In 1854, a new freedom suit was filed in the United States Circuit Court in St. Louis, but a federal jury upheld the Missouri ruling. Dred Scott appealed that decision to the United States Supreme Court. By now the case had moved from being a routine freedom suit to a case of enormous importance because of the national debate over the fate of slavery in the western territories acquired from Mexico. On March 6, 1857, after eleven years of litigation, the United States Supreme Court denied Dred Scott his freedom, claiming that neither free blacks nor slaves had rights in the United States and Congress had no right to prevent the spread of slavery. The inflammatory pro-slavery decision proved one of the most controversial ever made by the United States Supreme Court. The Dred Scott case had brought the country to the brink of civil war In November 1999, at the request of the St. Louis Circuit Court, the documents from the original 1846 case were brought to the Office of the Secretary of State for conservation treatment. The Archives Division has the state's only publicly-funded conservation laboratory, which treats the most significant documents from the State Archives and other government offices in Missouri. The following pages describe the conservation treatment of the Dred Scott papers. After treatment, the papers were returned to the St. Louis Circuit Court. All the documents in the case have been digitized by Washington University and are available at http://library.wustl.edu/vlib/dredscott/ Most of the documents had been treated before, probably in the 1930s under the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Sheets of thin tissue had been adhered to both sides of the documents, with thicker paper patches applied to areas of weakness and loss. The adhesive used was probably a starch paste, and proved to be soluble in water. In addition, most of the documents had paper labels with identifying information applied over the tissue. The majority of them were in relatively good condition. A few were ragged and badly torn, but most of them just had a few edge tears, primarily in the areas where they had been previously folded. The fact that almost all of the tears in the documents were under the tissue suggests that the documents suffered very little damage after the WPA had treated them. After careful examination, testing and assessment of the different treatment options, the conservators decided that the labels, tissue and paper reinforcements should be removed. Although the tissue was very thin, it did make the documents more difficult to read. Removing the tissue would both improve the legibility of the documents and allow us to perform some other treatments that would be beneficial. This photo shows a document from which the tissue has been removed. We've laid the tissue back over part of the document to show the contrast. Surface cleaning is often one of the first steps in paper conservation, especially if the treatment will involve water. This is because loose dirt, which can often be easily removed before the document gets wet, can work its way into paper fibers to become difficult or even impossible to remove afterwards. We used vinyl erasers to reduce the surface dirt on the documents that had not had tissue applied to them. To remove the tissue, we placed each document between sheets of spun polyester for support and immersed it in a bath of deionized water and calcium hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide was added to the water to raise the pH of the bath to a mildly alkaline level. This was done only after careful testing of all inks to make certain they were insoluble in water. When the adhesive had softened, we removed the documents from the bath and carefully removed the tissue, paper patches and identification labels. The residual adhesive was reduced with damp cotton balls. After the tissue and adhesive were removed from both sides, we placed the documents in a fresh bath for about an hour, with periodic water changes during that time. This bath helped to remove some of the soluble acids from the paper, which would help prolong the life of the documents. After washing the documents, we lightly pressed them by hand between pieces of clean, dry blotter to remove some of the water. We then laid the documents between layers of wool felts, placing sheets of spun polyester between the felts and the document to prevent the paper from sticking to the felts as it dried. A light piece of Plexiglass on top kept the materials flat as they dried overnight. To mend the tears and losses, we used Japanese tissue adhered with wheat starch paste. Narrow strips of light tissue were used for the tears. Where there were holes or losses in the document, we tore a heavier piece of Japanese paper to fit the size and shape needed, then pasted it out and applied it to the area around the loss. We applied the new mends to the back of the documents, so they would be as inconspicuous as possible. After the mends were dry, the next step was to humidify and flatten the documents. The documents were placed on a piece of Goretex™ , which is a very dense material that will only let water pass through it as a vapor. Under the Goretex™ was a damp blotter to provide the moisture, and on top was a sheet of polyester film to hold the moisture in. Water vapor moves through the Goretex™ to the document, gently relaxing paper fibers. After the documents had relaxed, they were positioned between sheets of spun polyester and dry blotters and placed in a press overnight.ed The last step in the treatment was to encapsulate each document. This is a process in which a piece of thin polyester film is placed on each side of a document, then the two pieces are sealed together outside the edges of the document. Encapsulation provides physical support during handling and gives some protection from dirt and air pollutants. Unlike lamination, however, this procedure is completely reversible, since the pieces of polyester film are only sealed to each other - not adhered to the document. The treatment of the Dred Scott documents took approximately two months to complete, after which they were returned to the St. Louis Circuit Clerk's Office. Digital copies of the documents can be viewed at the Washington University website at http://library.wustl.edu/vlib/dredscott/. For further information on conservation and preservation, call (573) 526-3866. http://www.bransonedge.com http://www.bransonmissouri.blogspot.com |